The Opinion Of Justice Binderoff - 1177 Words

The opinion of Justice BINDEROFF: According to Article I, Section 8(3) of the United States Constitution, Congress is granted the power â€Å"to regulate commerce with foreign countries, as well as among the several states†¦;† this enumerated power is what the Commerce Clause describes. This Article has been used to justify many instances in which Congress has exercised its power to regulate commerce, especially among states. In this regard, there has been a myriad of instances in which such exercise of this congressional power has been challenged. The first instance, was in the case of Gibbons v Ogden (1984), where two men who had been given exclusive licenses by the state of New York to carry passengers to Elizabeth Town from New York, filed a suit in court to block another steamship operator, Gibbons, who had been newly granted a license to carry passengers on that very route, from competing with them. In this case, the Chief Justice found out that Congress was right within its powers – granted by the Commerce Clause - to grant the ferrying license to Mr. Gibbons. The Chief Justice, Marshal, argued that commerce was more than just the selling and purchase of goods, but included other parts of the commercial intercourse between states, such as transport. The argument by the Chief Justice in this context is important in understanding the extent of commerce that falls under the Commerce Clause as intended by the framers. In order to understand why Congress was within its powers

Organizational Behavior Defined - 750 Words

Organizational Behavior Defined Introduction It is reasonable to suggest that the overwhelming majority of humankind has either been part of or required the services of organizations at some point in time during their lives, and many of these consumers will likely testify that although every organization is different in some ways, they all share some common characteristics. Furthermore, because all organizations are comprised of mere humans, they are subject to the same behavioral whims, weaknesses and vagaries that also characterize the human condition from day to day and over time. To gain further insights into these concepts, this paper provides a review of the relevant peer-reviewed and scholarly literature to develop a comprehensive and robust definition of organizational behavior. This review is followed by a summary of the research and salient findings in the conclusion. Review and Discussion As the term indicates, organizational behavior describes how people interact in a workplace setting to achieve a common goal or purpose. In this regard, Kelly and Kelly (1998) emphasize that, Organizational behavior is essentially concerned with what people do in organizations (p. 4). Therefore, defining organizational behavior requires a consideration of how people actually behave in workplace settings at a given point in time as well as over time (Miner, 2002). As Kelly and Kelly point out, A good working definition of organizational behavior is the systematic study ofShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Citizenship Behavior Is Defined As A Set Of Behaviors1669 Words   |  7 Pages Literature review Introduction: Organizational citizenship behavior is defined as a set of behaviors which extends from one s basic requirements of job. 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Analysis Of Franz Kafka s Metamorphosis - 1985 Words

When one is to think of themselves, they do not necessarily have the same outlook as one who views that same individual on a daily basis. Can a perception of self even be accomplished? Multiple experiences and emotions skew a person’s overall sense of self. When a mirror is looked at, what is truly seen? Does one view one’s external self, or do they see a reflection of past experience? Not many have the value of altruism, but some do. Sometimes altruism can turn extremist though, to the point where it can be a negative thing. In Franz Kafka’s Metamorphosis, the main character Gregor Samsa is a workaholic that randomly one day awakens as a bug. Initially, Gregor sees himself with a condition, and then slowly tries to adapt to his bug transformation. Gregor did not put himself first when he was in a human state, and this did not necessarily change when he was transformed into a bug. Even when Gregor was a bug, he tried to make a big effort to make as little work as possible for his family. Gregor’s self-image is primarily characterized by the hard work he put in before he got changed into a new form, as well as his mindset that he had towards his family. Kafka seems to highlight how man’s true sense of self is lost when work is put first, above any other priority such as family values, such as spending time with people that one cares about, as well as time for oneself too. The Metamorphosis exemplifies how one’s sense of self cannot be completely instituted without having anShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Franz Kafka s The Metamorphosis 3979 Words   |  16 PagesAustin Day Professor Imali Abala English 357 18 February 2015 The Theme of Alienation in Franz Kafka’s The Metamorphosis The Metamorphosis written by Franz Kafka in 1915 is said to be one of the greatest literary works of all time and is seen as one of Kafka’s best and most popular works of literature. A relatively short novel; the story explains how the protagonist, Gregor Samsa wakes up one morning to find himself transformed into a vermin which completely estranges him from the world even moreRead MoreAnalysis Of Franz Kafka s The Metamorphosis 1711 Words   |  7 Pagescertain theme that most readers can relate to. Franz Kafka, a renowned German-speaking fiction writer of the 20th century, uses a unique style of writing that many people believe is a telling of his own life story. In his well-known short story, â€Å"The Metamorphosis†, many similarities and connections can be seen between the main character, Gregor Samsa, and the author himself, Franz Kafka. A major comparison that can be made is the fact that both Samsa and Kafka died slow, lonesome deaths after being inRead MoreA nalysis Of Franz Kafka s The Metamorphosis1873 Words   |  8 Pageswriters take their creative control to emphasize the current state of the freedom and control of the individual. Kafka’s The Metamorphosis, various World War I poems, and Brecht’s Fear and Misery of the Third Reich show the lack of individual freedom and control that people had over their lives during the destruction that occurred in the 20th century. Published in 1915, Franz Kafka wasted no time in starting his discussion about freedom and control through the life of Gregor. After he awakes and realizesRead MoreAnalysis Of Franz Kafka s The Metamorphosis 1087 Words   |  5 Pagesmercy were ignored. Franz Kafka’s novella is not about a dictator but it alludes to a person close to Franz that was as close to a dictator that he ever go to. Franz Kafka’s The Metamorphosis, is about a young man that wakes up one day and is a vermin and has to maneuver around his home and come to terms with his six itchy legs. It probably sounds like a load of fictitious ramblings that somehow became a classical novel. Wrong! Look a little closer and the secret message Franz Kafka wrote for his fatherRead MoreAnalysis Of Franz Kafka s The Metamorphosis1500 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"In the morning†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ verminous bug.† In Franz Kafka’s The Metamorphosis, the opening sentence introduces the main character, event and the setting. Gregor Samsa is one of the only two characters who are addressed by name, this reflects his importance in the story because he is the protagonist and he plays a central role in the lives of his family and friends. Besides introducing the central character, this opening line has a dramatic impact on readers. It draws the reader straight to Gregor Samsa’sRead MoreAnalysis Of Franz Kafka s The Metamorphosis 948 Words   |  4 PagesFreud says one way humans express their hidden feeling is through dreams. This idea is the foundation for the dream interpretation of â€Å"The Metamorphosis.† Dreams have the capacity to encapture events that never happen in reality. 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In Franz Kafka’s â€Å"The Metamorphosis,† the main character of Gregor undergoes several changes that affect the way he behaves and is perceived by people in his lifeRead MoreEssay on Analysis of The Metamorphosis1033 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of The Metamorphosis This story The Metamorphosis is about Gregor, a workaholic, who is changed into an insect and must then deal with his present reality. The hardest part of being an insect for him was the alienation from his family, which eventually leads to his death. In reading the short story The Metamorphosis, (1971),one can realize how small the difference is between Magical Realism and Fantastic. This literature written by the Austrian, Franz Kafka, is often debated overRead MoreThe Metamorphosis By Franz Kafka Essay1496 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The metamorphosis,† is a story by Franz Kafka, published in 1915 is a story divided in three chapters: transformation, acceptance, and the death of the protagonist. There are many interpretations that can form this tale as the indifference by the society that is concerned with different individuals, and isolation pushing some cases to the solitude. Some consider The Metamorphosis as an autobiography of the author, which tries to capture the lo neliness and isolation that he felt at some pointRead MoreAnalysis Of The Metamorphosis1501 Words   |  7 PagesBeveridge, A. (2009). Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka. Advances in psychiatric treatment, 15(6), 459-461. This brief article is written from the psychiatric perspective, pointing out that Kafka has always been of great interest to the psychoanalytic community; this is because his writings have so skillfully depicted alienation, unresolved oedipal issues, and the schizoid personality disorder and The Metamorphosis is no exception to this rule. While this writer tends to think that psychiatrists should

Management Report on a Live Street Food

Question: Describe about the street food event that took place on 9th December 2015 at the Atrium Court in Cavendish, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK? Answer: This management report relates to a street food event that took place on 9th December 2015 at the Atrium Court in Cavendish, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK. The food stall was named Fusion Illusion that consisted of four different types of cuisines namely, French, Greek, Romanian and Indian. The main theme of the foods stall was to depict the concept of multiculturalism. This idea was influenced by the fact that the students involved in this food stall belonged from four different ethnic backgrounds (Turner, 2014). The soul of this theme was to combine all the cultural essence of these four countries and present them through a common link food. Food is considered an integral part of the tourism industry and is one of the main attractions of tourists. Food has the unique feature of attracting all the senses of a human being at the same time. It was the objective of Fusion to combine the essence of multiculturalism and present it as a tribute by altering the traditional dishes and giving them a new exotic look and taste. While undertaking this transformation, due care was taken so that ingenuity is kept intact and authenticity of the ingredients is maintained. Through Fusion, the students attempted to bring to the forefront the fact that Manchester consists of people belonging from various backgrounds and this helped the city to maintain societal harmony and peace. Success of the Theme and Concept This objective of the Fusion to offer a good combination of various cuisines turned out to be very successful among the customers. The event was a huge hit and the stall gained much appreciation. The pivotal point of success was the variety of food brought by the group in a jiggled and exotic manner. In this course, due care was taken in maintaining food safety and hygiene standards. Importance was also given to the allergy risks that could arise due to the consumption of the foods. This is visible in the allergy chart prepared by the group and appended at the end of the operational plan. Therefore, it can be said that the primary objectives of the group was successfully implemented and attained at the end of the event. The theme also proved to be a huge success and the concept of social integration through food was clearly visible (Meredith, 2011). Sustainability The concept of sustainability has gained much importance in recent times. Businesses are actively looking for means of achieving sustainable development. The concept of sustainability in the food industry carries a special importance along with it. It is obvious that food and food habits of people are sensitive and in order to excel in this industry as a business concern it is very much necessary to offer food that is safe and hygienic. This was the outlook of the group from sustainable business point of view (Kerzner, 2013). Sustainability also carries with it some social, cultural and environmental factors that have become indispensable. All these factors were taken care of by Fusion as it employed a number of methods as tools to achieve this objective. Labelling of the products and informative charts were used by Fusion to communicate its efforts directed towards achieving sustainability. For example, Fusion maintained the Good Food Guide for Festival and Street-food Caterers as p roposed by the Food Legacy Programme in partnership with Sustains Ethical Eats and A Greener Festival (Good Food Guide for Festival and Street-food Caterers, 2015). Environment friendly food was offered which were procured locally to support the local small businesses. The most innovative step taken by Fusion was the use of blackboards to convey important information about the food being served. Fusion emphasized on the fact that their customers should be aware of the nature and type of food their customers is consuming (Hargreaves and Fink, 2012). Therefore, it can be inferred that Fusion took effective and efficient steps towards attaining sustainability. Success of the Decision Making Process Planning and executing the whole venture required crucial decision making by the members of Fusion. The process of decision-making is considered to be one of the most important aspects of management function. As the venture was small and was concentrated within the University, the scope of the decision making process was precise and much more functional. The group conducted a detailed primary research in order to achieve its pre-determined objectives of attaining sustainability and promoting multiculturalism through food (Selznick, 2011). Job responsibilities were assigned according to the degree of conformability of the members and this turned out to be advantageous for the venture. The members possess international strategic experience that catered to an effective decision making process. This in turn, has helped Fusion to be a successful business venture. Food Production A detailed discussion of the elements of the food production will depict the role they played in the success of the venture. Standard Recipes, Production Methods and Costs The main characteristic of street food is that they can be made easily and without consuming a considerable amount of time. Food can be served as readymade and these foods can be consumed while moving such as while going for work in the morning. The products have been segmented in order of their appearance, the degree of healthiness, uniqueness and others. The recipes included Romanian, Greek, French and Indian food in a contemporary style and exotic manner. Traditional dishes were experimented on and this provided fruitful results and was able to contribute towards the success of the venture (Burke, 2013). The production methods used were directed towards minimizing waste by preventing producing poor quality food and beverages. These factors contributed towards minimizing costs by Fusion largely. Work Schedules Scheduling and organizing the whole event was a challenge. However, proper scheduling was resorted to and this helped Fusion in fulfilling its targets. The work schedule along with the responsibilities assigned was critically done with the help of a Gantt chart. This contributed in achieving the pre-determined targets. Plan of the Working Areas As mentioned above, allocation of key responsibilities and scheduling of work was done by the help of a Gantt chart. The areas of work were divided among the members of the group. Some responsibilities were delegated according to their expertise and the team as a whole took up some responsibilities. The objectivity of formulating a structured plan has catered to the needs of Fusion as a venture (Keller, Parameswaran and Jacob, 2011). Critical Control Points and Risk Assessment Risks are closely related to any business venture. In the present case, food safety and hygiene was the primary point of concern. Food hygiene has always been a concern for street foods. Fusion took personal care in maintaining the standards and offering safe and hygienic food to its customers. It also took due care in communication information about allergies with the help of charts and blackboards. This reflects honesty and integrity of Fusion and this enabled them to attract a huge amount of customers. Training Documentation Training documentation forms an important part of a business. Essential training are required to be given to the staff (in this case the members), in order to serve the customers in a much more efficient manner. Documenting the learning objectives of a training session helps the member perform better and following up their drawbacks. All these are directed towards serving the customers better (Health Knowledge, 2010). Food and Beverage Costs The costs of food and beverage were kept at a minimum and every item was offered within the range of 2. This made their food affordable and much more enjoyable as consisted variety. The revenue generated was almost double the total costs and the venture recorded a gross profit margin of 48.91%. These figures prove that minimizing costs proved to be beneficial for the venture. Staff Appraisal Form The staff appraisal form that is appended at the end of the operational plan is a means of getting feedback from the customers. As Fusion was not a regular food stall customer feedback holds special importance for it. It depicts the overall quality of food and services rendered by Fusion and provide a clear idea about consumer perception (Health Knowledge, 2010). Comment on Services Creation of Mood and Atmosphere Attaining consumer satisfaction is the ultimate goal of any business enterprise. Atmosphere in which the event has been held has a considerable amount of influence on the customers that ultimately lead to the success of Fusion. An ideal atmosphere influences the choices made by the customers and develops a mood for consumption. This propensity to consume generates revenue for the business. Design of Menu The menu provided the customers with the option of choosing from a number of alternatives with different backgrounds. Beverages offered also had a touch of this variety. The menu design promoted the concept of availability of healthy food at an affordable price. The information communicated by Fusion helped its customers to make an informed decision about their food choices. Service Style and Room Layout As Fusion was a fast food style, food was served quickly and in a simple manner so that people can enjoy it while doing their other important works. The food was kept half ready before the order is made so that it can serve the food readymade when ordered. The food was hand served and this saved time of both the seller and the buyer. As Fusion was designed to be a street food stall, the ideal layout would have been a food cart or food truck. These prove the facility of a large serving place that caters to the needs of the customers to the full extent. Management Marketing activities are based on the activities of the management and the concept of the management on how to achieve the pre-determined goal of the business. In order to achieve these objectives the management is actively involved in making and implementing strategies and policies in this regard. Effective working of the management depends greatly on the management functions. Leadership is one of such functions of the management that influences the outcomes of the business activities undertaken by the business organization. The management and the managers are required to show effective leadership qualities so that responsibility can be delegated to them in a proper manner (Businessballs.com, 2015). As mentioned above, leadership is a function of the management and provides a momentum to business activities if practiced in a positive and functional manner. Effective leadership provides a proper direction to implement the policies of the management (Learn-to-be-a-leader.com, 2015). In this backdrop, there are some popular theories of management and leadership that can be resorted to for gaining success by Fusion. In terms of leadership, John Adairs Action-Centred Leadership Model can be adopted and the management as a whole may adopt the theory of Henri Fayol depicting unity of command. Both these theories are dependent on the functional efficiency of the management and its leadership qualities (Leadership, 2015). There is a slight difference between the viewpoints of Chris Mitchell and the suggested theories. As the venture is small, Chris suggested active participation of all the members. On the other hand, the proposed theories promote the idea of centralized planning and cont rol. Marketing and Merchandising The target market was well defined and the group conducted extensive research work in this regard. The target customers mainly included students and university staff. The market was well segmented in the operational plan and was well defined in terms of products offered to the target customers (Meredith, 2011). In future if the event is repeated, there will be attempts to expand the market reach and increase the target customers. This will surely generate extra revenue for Fusion and will result in achieving success at a greater level. Finance From the financial point of view, the success of Fusion is clearly visible. The cost of production was kept at a minimum level and this made their food affordable to the customers. The forecasted sales figure was 225 in terms of food. In addition to this, projected sales of beverages are taken to be 50. Therefore, the total projected sales figure comes to 275. The overall forecasted gross profit was assumed approximately 78.35%. As per the viewpoint of the members of Fusion, the event was a success, they were able to recover all their costs, and in this process, they made a considerable amount of profit. The main reason behind this success is minimization of cost that resulted in maximization of profits. References Benn, S., Dunphy, D. and Griffiths, A., 2014.Organizational change for corporate sustainability. Routledge. Burke, R., 2013.Project management: planning and control techniques. New Jersey, USA. Businessballs.com, (2015)Free leadership theory training materials, leadership theories guide - what is leadership? 'how to' leadership, leadership tips, leadership skills educational articles for leadership and management training, how to be an effective leader. [Online] [Accessed on 28 December 2015] https://www.businessballs.com/leadership-theories.htm#leadership-models. Good Food Guide for Festival and Street-food Caterers. (2015) 1st ed. [ebook] [Accessed on 28 December 2015] https://www.agreenerfestival.com/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/GOOD_FOOD_stallholder_guide.pdf. Hargreaves, A. and Fink, D., 2012.Sustainable leadership(Vol. 6). John Wiley Sons. Health Knowledge, (2010)Basic management models and theories associated with motivation and leadership and be able to apply them to practical situations and problems. [Online] [Accessed on 28 December 2015] https://www.healthknowledge.org.uk/public-health-textbook/organisation-management/5c-management-change/basic-management-models. Keller, K.L., Parameswaran, M.G. and Jacob, I., 2011.Strategic brand management: Building, measuring, and managing brand equity. Pearson Education India. Kerzner, H.R., 2013.Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Leadership. (2015) 1st ed. [ebook] [Accessed on 28 December 2015] https://www.cipd.co.uk/NR/rdonlyres/C80ED8CF-2ED1-4141-8B96-9D5697A5993F/0/9781843982173_sc.pdf. Learn-to-be-a-leader.com, (2015)Leadership theories, leadership models and leadership principles.. [Online] [Accessed on 28 December 2015] https://www.learn-to-be-a-leader.com/leadership-theories.html. Meredith Belbin, R., 2011. Management teams: Why they succeed or fail.Human Resource Management International Digest,19(3). Selznick, P., 2011.Leadership in administration: A sociological interpretation. Quid Pro Books. Turner, J.R., 2014.The handbook of project-based management(Vol. 92). McGraw-hill.